Frank
Discussion!
The Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security in partnership with the World Economic Forum and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation hosted Event 201, a high-level pandemic exercise on October 18, 2019, in New York, NY. The exercise illustrated areas where public/private partnerships will be necessary during the response to a severe pandemic in order to diminish large-scale economic and societal consequences.
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Statement about nCoV and our pandemic exercise
In recent years, the world has seen a growing number of epidemic events, amounting to approximately 200 events annually. These events are increasing, and they are disruptive to health, economies, and society. Managing these events already strains global capacity, even absent a pandemic threat. Experts agree that it is only a matter of time before one of these epidemics becomes global—a pandemic with potentially catastrophic consequences. A severe pandemic, which becomes “Event 201,” would require reliable cooperation among several industries, national governments, and key international institutions.
Lets BE FRANK!
Planned Pandemic Testing!
EVENT 201
https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/event201/about
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Event 201 was a 3.5-hour pandemic tabletop exercise that simulated a series of dramatic, scenario-based facilitated discussions, confronting difficult, true-to-life dilemmas associated with response to a hypothetical, but scientifically plausible, pandemic. 15 global business, government, and public health leaders were players in the simulation exercise that highlighted unresolved real-world policy and economic issues that could be solved with sufficient political will, financial investment, and attention now and in the future.
The exercise consisted of pre-recorded news broadcasts, live “staff” briefings, and moderated discussions on specific topics. These issues were carefully designed in a compelling narrative that educated the participants and the audience.
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Recent economic studies show that pandemics will be the cause of an average annual economic loss of 0.7% of global GDP—or $570 billion. The players’ responses to the scenario illuminated the need for cooperation among industry, national governments, key international institutions, and civil society, to avoid the catastrophic consequences that could arise from a large-scale pandemic.
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https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/event201/players/index.html
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Players
The following prominent individuals from global business, government, and public health were exercise players tasked with leading the policy response to a fictional outbreak scenario in the Event 201 pandemic tabletop exercise:
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https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/event201/recommendations.html
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The Event 201 pandemic exercise, conducted on October 18, 2019, vividly demonstrated a number of these important gaps in pandemic preparedness as well as some of the elements of the solutions between the public and private sectors that will be needed to fill them. The Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, World Economic Forum, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation jointly propose the following:
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Public-private cooperation for pandemic preparedness and response
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Industry, national governments, and international organizations should work together to enhance internationally held stockpiles of medical countermeasures (MCMs) to enable rapid and equitable distribution during a severe pandemic. The World Health Organization (WHO) currently has an influenza vaccine virtual stockpile, with contracts in place with pharmaceutical companies that have agreed to supply vaccines should WHO request them. As one possible approach, this virtual stockpile model could be expanded to augment WHO’s ability to distribute vaccines and therapeutics to countries in the greatest need during a severe pandemic.
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Pandemics will be the cause of average annual economic losses of 0.7% of global GDP – or $570 billion – a threat similar in scale to that estimated for climate change in the coming decades
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Risks to Global Businesses from New Era of Epidemics Rival Climate Change
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“For individual businesses, developing a better understanding of infectious disease risks and how they can be managed has clear financial benefits. For policy-makers, the better that businesses manage such risks, the more resilient the overall economy will be. Moreover, when business leaders are more aware of what’s at stake, maybe there will be a different dialogue about global health – from being a topic that rarely touches the radar screen of business leaders to being a subject worthy of attention, investment and advocacy,” said Peter Sands, Research Fellow at the Harvard Global Health Institute and Executive-Director of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
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https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/events/2018_clade_x_exercise/index.html
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The Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security hosted the Clade X pandemic tabletop exercise on May 15, 2018, in Washington, DC. The purpose of the exercise was to illustrate high-level strategic decisions and policies that the United States and the world will need to pursue in order to prevent a pandemic or diminish its consequences should prevention fail.
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The outbreak of a moderately contagious and moderately lethal novel pathogen precipitated a catastrophic end to the scenario in Clade X, the day-long pandemic tabletop exercise hosted by the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security on May 15 in Washington, DC.
Clade X simulated a series of National Security Council–convened meetings of 10 US government leaders, played by individuals prominent in the fields of national security or epidemic response. Their dialogue as the scenario unfolded addressed significant uncertainties in current prevention and response capabilities, hamstrung by policy challenges at the federal level.
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Develop capability to produce new vaccines and drugs for novel pathogens within months not years.
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Pioneer a strong and sustainable global health security system.
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Build a robust, highly capable national public health system that can manage the challenges of pandemic response.
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Develop a national plan to effectively harness all US healthcare assets in a catastrophic pandemic.
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Implement an international strategy for addressing research that increases pandemic risks.
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Ensure the national security community is well prepared to prevent, detect, and respond to infectious disease emergencies.
A full description of each policy recommendation is available on the Clade X website, along with video recordings of the four exercise segments.
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A full description of each policy recommendation is available on the Clade X website, along with video recordings of the four exercise segments. In the weeks ahead, the Center’s Clade X project team will synthesize the most important points from unscripted discussions among players during the exercise and disseminate those findings widely among members of the US and international biosecurity policy communities.
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Clade X policy recommendations | JH Center for Health Security
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Clade X simulated a series of National Security Council–convened meetings of 10 US government leaders, played by individuals prominent in the fields of national security or epidemic response. Their dialogue as the scenario unfolded addressed significant uncertainties in current prevention and response capabilities, hamstrung by policy challenges at the federal level.
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https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/news/center-news/2018/2018-04-16_clade-x-players-named.html
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Former high-ranking US government officials and a current US congresswoman will play a team of presidential advisors tasked with leading the policy response to a fictional outbreak scenario in the upcoming Clade X pandemic tabletop exercise hosted by the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security.
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As the scenario unfolds during the day-long exercise on May 15, 2018, the players will engage in a series of simulated National Security Council–convened meetings informed by briefings and injects from Center staff. They will be presented with unresolved real-world policy issues that could be solved with sufficient political will and attention now and in the future. The players’ discussions and the Center’s own recommendations will illustrate high-level strategic decisions and policies that the United States and the world will need to pursue in order to prevent a pandemic or diminish its consequences should prevention fail.
Players for Clade X pandemic tabletop exercise hosted by JHCHS
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The players and their respective roles are:
PlayerRole
John Bellinger
Fmr. Legal Advisor to US State Department Secretary of State
Rep. Susan Brooks (R-IN)Member, House of Representatives
Tom Daschle
Fmr. Senate Majority Leader Senate Majority Leader
Julie Gerberding
Fmr. Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Jamie Gorelick
Fmr. Deputy Attorney General Attorney General
Margaret Hamburg
Fmr. Commissioner, Food and Drug Administration Secretary, Health and Human Services
Tara O'Toole
Fmr. Undersecretary, Department of Homeland Security Secretary, Department of Homeland Security
Jeff Smith
Fmr. General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency Director, Central Intelligence Agency
Jim Talent
Fmr. Senator (R-MO)Secretary, Department of Defense
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About the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security:
The Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security works to protect people from epidemics and disasters and build resilient communities through innovative scholarship, engagement, and research that strengthens the organizations, systems, policies, and programs essential to preventing and responding to public health crises. The Center is part of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and is located in Baltimore, MD.
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Center to host Clade X, a policy-level pandemic tabletop exercise
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By Nick Alexopulos | Nov. 16, 2017
The Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security will host a pandemic tabletop exercise on May 15, 2018, in Washington, DC, to illustrate high-level strategic decisions and policies that the United States and the world will need to pursue in order to prevent a severe pandemic, or diminish its consequences should prevention fail.
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Nearly lost in all the noise over the impeachment debacle and constant fear-mongering surrounding the “coronavirus” outbreak, were two notable events involving major career vaccine pushers.
In December 2019, news quietly broke that Sue Desmond-Hellman would be stepping down as CEO of Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Even more quiet was her announcement 2 months earlier that she would be stepping down as lead director on the board at Facebook.
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Gates Foundation CEO Steps Down and Former CDC Director Dumps $9.11 Million in Shares of Merck Stock
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That’s another $9 million more coming if Merck doesn’t tank:
Merck & Co., Inc. (NYSE:MRK) EVP Julie L. Gerberding sold 102,073 shares of the business’s stock in a transaction on Monday, January 13th. The stock was sold at an average price of $89.34, for a total transaction of $9,119,201.82. Following the sale, the executive vice president now owns 106,099 shares in the company, valued at $9,478,884.66. The sale was disclosed in a legal filing with the SEC, which is accessible through this link.
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https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/events-archive/2001_dark-winter/
Dark Winter
Overview
The Dark Winter exercise, held at Andrews AFB, Washington, DC, June 22-23, 2001, portrayed a fictional scenario depicting a covert smallpox attack on US citizens. The scenario is set in 3 successive National Security Council (NSC) meetings (Segments 1, 2 and 3) that take place over a period of 14 days. Former senior government officials played the roles of NSC members responding to the evolving epidemic; representatives from the media were among the observers of these mock NSC meetings and played journalists during the scenario's press conferences.
Key Players
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President: The Hon. Sam Nunn
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National Security Advisor: The Hon. David Gergen
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Director of Central Intelligence: The Hon. R. James Woolsey
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Secretary of Defense: The Hon. John White
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Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff: General John Tilelli (USA, Ret.)
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Secretary of Health & Human Services: The Hon. Margaret Hamburg
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Secretary of State: The Hon. Frank Wisner
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Attorney General: The Hon. George Terwilliger
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Director, Federal Emergency Management Agency: Mr. Jerome Hauer
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Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation: The Hon. William Sessions
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Governor of Oklahoma: The Hon. Frank Keating
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Press Secretary of Gov. Frank Keating (OK): Mr. Dan Mahoney
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Correspondent, NBC News: Mr. Jim Miklaszewski
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Pentagon Producer, CBS News: Ms. Mary Walsh
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Reporter, British Broadcasting Corporation: Ms. Sian Edwards
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Reporter, The New York Times: Ms. Judith Miller
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Reporter, Freelance: Mr. Lester Reingold
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I was honored to play the part of the President in the exercise Dark Winter . . You often don't know what you don't know until you've been tested. And it's a lucky thing for the United States that, as the emergency broadcast network used to say, 'this is just a test, this is not a real emergency.' But Mr. Chairman, our lack of preparation is a real emergency. The Honorable Sam Nunn, House Hearing on Combating Terrorism: Federal Response to a Biological Weapons Attack, July 23, 2001
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www.centerforhealthsecurity.org
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https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/events-archive/2001_dark-winter/about.html
The players were introduced to this crisis during a National Security Council meeting scheduled to address several emerging crises, including the deployment of a carrier task force to the Middle East. At the start of the meeting, the Director of Health and Human Services informed the President of a confirmed case of smallpox in Oklahoma City. Additional smallpox cases were soon identified in Georgia and Pennsylvania. More cases were reported in Oklahoma. The source of the infection was unknown, and exposure was presumed to have taken place at least nine days earlier due to the lengthy incubation period of smallpox. Consequently, exposed individuals had likely traveled far from the loci of what was now presumed to be a biological attack. The scenario spanned 13 days.
About the Exercise | Dark Winter
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FINAL SCRIPT – DARK WINTER EXERCISE EXPLANATORY NOTE TO THE EXERCISE SCRIPT:
In their roles as National Security Council (NSC) members responding to the smallpox crisis, exercise participants were given information about unfolding events in four important ways: briefings, memos, newspaper summaries, and video news clips.
• Each of the three segments began with briefings delivered to the NSC meeting by exercise controllers playing the roles of deputies or special assistants. Subsequent briefings in each segment provided NSC “players” with possible policy options for consideration.
• Throughout the exercise, individual participants were given memos on issues or events within the purview of their position or agency. Participants responded to events in whatever way the felt appropriate. • The exercise began with a briefing on the geopolitical context in which the scenario occurs. At the start of segments 2 and 3, summaries of relevant news coverage of the epidemic were shown.
• At five different times in the exercise, video news clips were shown which conveyed the breaking news stories occurring at that time in the scenario. The text of the news clips is not shown in this exercise script. This script includes only information that was delivered to the participants. The comments and decisions made by participants during the exercise are not part of this exercise script. They will be summarized in separate reports.
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https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/34/7/972/316999
Abstract
On 22–23 June 2001, the Johns Hopkins Center for Civilian Biodefense Strategies, in collaboration with the Center for Strategic and International Studies, the Analytic Services Institute for Homeland Security, and the Oklahoma National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism, held a senior-level exercise entitled “Dark Winter” that simulated a covert smallpox attack on the United States. The first such exercise of its kind, Dark Winter was constructed to examine the challenges that senior-level policy makers would face if confronted with a bioterrorist attack that initiated outbreaks of highly contagious disease. The exercise was intended to increase awareness of the scope and character of the threat posed by biological weapons among senior national security experts and to bring about actions that would improve prevention and response strategies.
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Shining Light on “Dark Winter”
Shining Light on “Dark Winter”
Tara O'Toole, Mair Michael, Thomas V. Inglesby
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 34, Issue 7, 1 April 2002, Pages 972–983, https://doi.org/10.1086/339909
Published:
01 April 2002
Article history
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https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/events-archive/2005_atlantic_storm/
Atlantic Storm
Overview
How would world leaders manage the catastrophe of a fast-moving global epidemic of deadly disease? Atlantic Storm was a ministerial table-top exercise convened on January 14, 2005 by the Center for Biosecurity of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, the Center for Transatlantic Relations of the Johns Hopkins University, and the Transatlantic Biosecurity Network. The exercise used a fictitious scenario designed to mimic a summit of transatlantic leaders forced to respond to a bioterrorist attack. These transatlantic leaders were played by current and former officials from each country or organization represented at the table. There was an audience of observers from governments on both sides of the Atlantic as well as from the private sector, but the venue was designed to focus all attention on the summit principals and their discussions around the table .
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Atlantic Storm & Atlantic Storm Interactive
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Navigating the Storm: this article by Atlantic Storm authors includes a summary report on the exercise and recommendations for actions to improve national and international response to large-scale attacks with biological weapons or fast-moving pandemics of a natural source. Download article
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www.centerforhealthsecurity.org
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Madeleine Korbel Albright As the President of the United States In 1997, Madeleine Korbel Albright was named the 64th Secretary of State of the United States, becoming the first woman to hold that position, and serving as the highest ranking woman in the history of the U.S. government. Dr. Albright is the founder of The Albright Group LLC, a global strategy firm. She is the first Michael and Virginia Mortara Endowed Distinguished Professor in the Practice of Diplomacy at the Georgetown School of Foreign Service and the first Visiting Saltzman Fellow at Columbia University’s Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies
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https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/events-archive/2005_atlantic_storm/flash/index.htm
Atlantic Storm | A Tabletop Exercise - homepage
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Atlantic Storm, a bioterrorism “table-top” exercise convened on January 14, 2005, was organized by the Center for Biosecurity of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), the Center for Transatlantic Relations of the Johns Hopkins University (JHU), and the Transatlantic Biosecurity Network, with generous financial support from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the German Marshall Fund of the United States, and the Nuclear Threat Initiative.
Atlantic Storm Interactive is a web-based, multimedia presentation that takes the briefings, updates, simulated newscasts, and other materials that were prepared for the exercise and integrates them with excerpts from the actual discussions of the exercise participants. This presentation has been designed to allow viewers to place themselves in the role of one of the decision-making participants or in the role of one of the event’s observers. The Guide for Viewers and Facilitators suggests ways to use this presentation and poses questions to help guide discussion of biosecurity challenges that were highlighted by the exercise.
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www.centerforhealthsecurity.org
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Navigating the Storm: Report and Recommendations from the Atlantic Storm Exercise BRADLEY T. SMITH, THOMAS V. INGLESBY, ESTHER BRIMMER, LUCIANA BORIO, CRYSTAL FRANCO, GIGI KWIK GRONVALL, BRADLEY KRAMER, BETH MALDIN, JENNIFER B. NUZZO, ARI SCHULER, SCOTT STERN, DONALD A. HENDERSON, RANDALL J. LARSEN, DANIEL S. HAMILTON, and TARA O’TOOLE
Atlantic Storm was a tabletop exercise simulating a series of bioterrorism attacks on the transatlantic community. The exercise occurred on January 14, 2005, in Washington, DC, and was organized and convened by the Center for Biosecurity of UPMC, the Center for Transatlantic Relations of Johns Hopkins University, and the Transatlantic Biosecurity Network. Atlantic Storm portrayed a summit meeting of presidents, prime ministers, and other international leaders from both sides of the Atlantic Ocean in which they responded to a campaign of bioterrorist attacks in several countries. The summit principals, who were all current or former senior government leaders, were challenged to address issues such as attaining situational awareness in the wake of a bioattack, coping with scarcity of critical medical resources such as vaccine, deciding how to manage the movement of people across borders, and communicating with their publics. Atlantic Storm illustrated that much might be done in advance to minimize the illness and death, as well as the social, economic, and political disruption, that could be caused by an international epidemic, be it natural or the result of a bioterrorist attack. These lessons are especially timely given the growing concerns over the possibility of an avian influenza pandemic that would require an international response. However, international leaders cannot create the necessary response systems in the midst of a crisis. Medical, public health, and diplomatic response systems and critical medical resources (e.g., medicines and vaccines) must be in place before a bioattack occurs or a pandemic emerges.
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The Transatlantic Biosecurity Network is a group of medical, public health, and national security experts from North America and Europe who have been meeting since early 2002. Members have provided insight on key issues that the transatlantic community would face in the event of a bioterrorist attack, and they were consulted in the development of Atlantic Storm. Members act in a personal capacity and not as official representatives of their nations or employers.
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Transatlantic Biosecurity Network
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PRE-SCENARIO BRIEFING: ISSUES TO CONSIDER RECEIVED JANUARY 13, 2004 SUMMARY The agenda originally planned for this summit has been changed. Summit discussion will now focus on how to respond to the reports of smallpox cases in Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Turkey. The German Chancellor, the Dutch and Swedish Prime Ministers, as well as the other summit participants have agreed to postpone their departures briefly so they may meet together to discuss ways to cope with the crisis. Since smallpox no longer exists in nature, it must be assumed for the present that the discovery of smallpox cases represents a misdiagnosis, an accidental release from a laboratory, or a terrorist attack. Press offices in each country have released statements to inform citizens that their government is mobilizing all resources to respond to the situation and that
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Exercise Materials: Atlantic Storm (centerforhealthsecurity.org)
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SCENARIO PLANNING Assumptions: Method of Smallpox Attacks Smallpox Biological Weapons Seed stocks of variola major virus (the causative agent of smallpox) were obtained by Al-Jihad Al-Jadid from a bioweapons facility in the former Soviet Union. The Al-Jihad Al-Jadid scientists received training in microbiology at Indian and U.S. universities. These scientists received additional training when the group hired a scientist who was part of the former Soviet Union’s offensive biological weapons program. This scientist taught the Al-Jihad AlJadid scientists how to grow a number of biological agents, including variola major, Bacillus anthracis, Ebola virus, and Burkholderia mallei (glanders). The terrorist group combined this knowledge with publicly available technical information to develop dry powder preparations of the viruses. Then, with their own microbiology training, the terrorist group was able to acquire all the required laboratory equipment to grow and process the Variola major seed stock they had acquired into a relatively high-quality dry powder that was then used in the attacks
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https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/event201/191017-press-release.html
Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, World Economic Forum and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation host Event 201 in New York, and a Virtual Exercise
NEW YORK, Updated Oct. 17, 2019 – The Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, with the World Economic Forum and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, will host Event 201, a multimedia global pandemic exercise on Friday, Oct. 18, 2019, in New York City. The public may register and participate in the simultaneous virtual exercise in English, 8:50 a.m.-12:30 p.m. EDT at centerforhealthsecurity.org/event201/. The exercise underscores the need for global public-private cooperation to mitigate economic and societal impacts of severe pandemics.
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NEW YORK, Updated Oct. 17, 2019 – The Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, with the World Economic Forum and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, will host Event 201, a multimedia global pandemic exercise on Friday, Oct. 18, 2019, in New York City. The public may register and participate in the simultaneous virtual exercise in English, 8:50 a.m.-12:30 p.m. EDT at centerforhealthsecurity.org/event201/. The exercise underscores the need for global public-private cooperation to mitigate economic and societal impacts of severe pandemics.
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Statement about nCoV and our pandemic exercise
In October 2019, the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security hosted a pandemic tabletop exercise called Event 201 with partners, the World Economic Forum and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Recently, the Center for Health Security has received questions about whether that pandemic exercise predicted the current novel coronavirus outbreak in China. To be clear, the Center for Health Security and partners did not make a prediction during our tabletop exercise. For the scenario, we modeled a fictional coronavirus pandemic, but we explicitly stated that it was not a prediction. Instead, the exercise served to highlight preparedness and response challenges that would likely arise in a very severe pandemic. We are not now predicting that the nCoV-2019 outbreak will kill 65 million people. Although our tabletop exercise included a mock novel coronavirus, the inputs we used for modeling the potential impact of that fictional virus are not similar to nCoV-2019.
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Public-Private Cooperation for Pandemic Preparedness and Response
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The Event 201 pandemic exercise, conducted on October 18, 2019 co-hosted by the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, World Economic Forum, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, vividly demonstrated a number of these important gaps in pandemic preparedness as well as some of the elements of the solutions between the public and private sectors that will be needed to fill them.
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www.centerforhealthsecurity.org
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The next severe pandemic will not only cause great illness and loss of life but could also trigger major cascading economic and societal consequences that could contribute greatly to global impact and suffering. Efforts to prevent such consequences or respond to them as they unfold will require unprecedented levels of collaboration between governments, international organizations, and the private sector. There have been important efforts to engage the private sector in epidemic and outbreak preparedness at the national or regional level. i,ii However, there are major unmet global vulnerabilities and international system challenges posed by pandemics that will require new robust forms of publicprivate cooperation to address. The Event 201 pandemic exercise, conducted on October 18, 2019, vividly demonstrated a number of these important gaps in pandemic preparedness as well as some of the elements of the solutions between the public and private sectors that will be needed to fill them. The Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, World Economic Forum, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation jointly propose the following:
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In October 2019, the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security hosted a pandemic tabletop exercise called Event 201 with partners, the World Economic Forum and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Recently, the Center for Health Security has received questions about whether that pandemic exercise predicted the current novel coronavirus outbreak in China. To be clear, the Center for Health Security and partners did not make a prediction during our tabletop exercise. For the scenario, we modeled a fictional coronavirus pandemic, but we explicitly stated that it was not a prediction. Instead, the exercise served to highlight preparedness and response challenges that would likely arise in a very severe pandemic. We are not now predicting that the nCoV-2019 outbreak will kill 65 million people. Although our tabletop exercise included a mock novel coronavirus, the inputs we used for modeling the potential impact of that fictional virus are not similar to nCoV-2019.
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https://www.weforum.org/agenda/
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As the power source for today’s businesses and technologies, data has the potential to ignite unparalleled progress for people and the planet – from innovations in digital identity to informing pandemic response and even getting us closer to net-zero climate goals.
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https://www.nap.edu/catalog/21891/the-neglected-dimension-of-global-security-a-framework-to-counter
National Academy of Medicine, Secretariat; Commission on a Global Health Risk Framework for the Future
Description
Since the 2014 Ebola outbreak many public- and private-sector leaders have seen a need for improved management of global public health emergencies. The effects of the Ebola epidemic go well beyond the three hardest-hit countries and beyond the health sector. Education, child protection, commerce, transportation, and human rights have all suffered. The consequences and lethality of Ebola have increased interest in coordinated global response to infectious threats, many of which could disrupt global health and commerce far more than the recent outbreak.
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123-456-7890